Psychiatrists have long been aware of the existence of PTSD symptoms. Although TEs are a major risk factor for PTSD, not every victim develops PTSD after experiencing TEs. Exposure to a TE is a necessary criterion for diagnosing PTSD, and exposure to such TEs increases the risk of developing PTSD within the first 3 months . The characteristic features of PTSD are intrusion or re-experiencing fear memories, pervasive sense of threat, active avoidance, hyperarousal symptoms, and negative alterations of cognition and mood . Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious and prolonged psychiatric disorder that occurs following exposure to extreme stressors or traumatic events (TEs), such as combats, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, sexual assault, or even severe traffic accidents .
In this review, we summarize and discuss the diagnosis, prevalence, TEs, pathophysiology, and treatments of PTSD and draw attention to its prevention. Because of the high prevalence, heavy burden, and limited treatments, PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that requires urgent attention. A combination of both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy is used to treat PTSD, but has limited efficacy in patients with refractory PTSD. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the pathophysiology of PTSD is complex, involving abnormal neural circuits, molecular mechanisms, and genetic mechanisms. Individuals with PTSD have high comorbidities with other psychiatric diseases, including major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder. The important features of PTSD are intrusion or re-experiencing fear memories, pervasive sense of threat, active avoidance, hyperarousal symptoms, and negative alterations of cognition and mood. More than 70% of adults worldwide are exposed to a TE at least once in their lifetime, and approximately 10% of individuals develop PTSD after experiencing a TE. The TEs described in the DSM-5 include actual or threatened death, serious injury, sexual violence, and other extreme stressors, either directly or indirectly. In both diagnostic categories, experiencing a traumatic event (TE) is the necessary criterion for diagnosing PTSD. Currently, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases 11th Edition (ICD-11) offer the most widely accepted diagnostic guidelines for PTSD. Inquire about specific terms, limitations, and covered treatments in your plan, to get better clarity on BPD-related care.Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe and heterogenous psychiatric disorder that was first defined as a mental disorder in 1980. If you have BPD and need insurance coverage, start by contacting your insurance provider directly.
While having an ICD-10 code for BPD is important for communication among healthcare professionals and insurers, it doesn’t guarantee automatic insurance coverage. This code is used to identify and classify the disorder for billing and coding purposes in healthcare settings. The classification code for BPD in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (ICD-10) is F60.3. Medication, if deemed necessary and sometimes with prior authorization, is another aspect of treatment that insurers may cover. Psychotherapy is a commonly covered treatment, and various therapeutic approaches, including Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), may be included. Insurance companies often cover therapies and interventions related to conditions such as anxiety, depression, substance misuse, and eating disorders, which frequently accompany BPD. Individuals with BPD are most likely to receive coverage for treatments that address specific symptoms and co-occurring disorders rather than the overall BPD diagnosis. Axis II disorders include personality disorders and intellectual disabilities. This reluctance is influenced by the historical challenges faced by Axis II personality disorders (a classification previously used in the DSM-4) in terms of limited coverage. Insurance providers may hesitate to cover BPD due to its classification as a nonacute, constant condition. Generally, insurance coverage may depend on factors such as the severity of the diagnosis, the presence of co-occurring disorders, and the specific terms of the insurance plan. The criteria for insurance coverage of BPD can vary among insurance providers. Borderline personality disorder criteria for insurance coverage